I. PERSONAL HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
A. Educational Background
California
Institute of Technology, Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, 1993
California Institute of Technology, M.S., Chemical Engineering, 1991
Oregon State University, B.S. with Honors, Chemical Engineering, 1988
B. List of Academic Positions since Final Degree
Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UIUC, 2002-date
Beckman Associate, Center for Advanced Study, UIUC, 2001-02
Bioengineering Faculty, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, 2000-date
Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, UIUC, 2000-02
Biotechnology Center Faculty, UIUC, 2000-date
Senior Research Scientist, National Center for Supercomputing Applications,
UIUC, 1997-date
Local Anchor, Chemical Engineering Applications Team, NCSA, UIUC, 1997-2000
Computational Science and Engineering Faculty, UIUC, 1995-date
Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, UIUC, 1994-2000
C. Other Professional Employment
Visiting Research Scientist, DuPont Company, Wilmington, DE, 1993-94
Visiting Research Scientist, University of
Trondheim, Norway, 1993
Research Engineer, Chevron Research Company, Richmond, CA, 1988
D. Honors, Recognitions, and Outstanding
Achievements
University Scholar, University of Illinois, 2002-03
Beckman Associate, Center for Advanced Study,
2001-02
Ernest W. Thiele Lectureship, University of Notre Dame, 2001
Plenary Lecture, American Control Conference, 2001
Collins Fellow, College of Engineering, 2001
Best Referee Award, Journal of Process Control, 2000
Donald P. Eckman Award, American Automatic Control Council, 2000
Oregon State University Council of Outstanding Early Career Engineers, 2000
Dean's Teaching Fellow, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 2000
Xerox Award for Faculty Research, College of Engineering, 1999
Honorable Mention, Campus Award for Excellence in Guiding Undergraduate
Research, 1999
Advisors List for Advising Excellence, College of Engineering, 1999, 2002
Outstanding Reviewer, Automatica, 1999
Teaching Excellence Award, School of Chemical Sciences, 1997
DuPont Young Faculty Award, 1995
Hertz Doctoral Thesis Prize, 1993
American Control Conference Presentation Award, 1993
Hertz Fellow, 1991
E. Invited Lectures
1.
Avery-Dennison Research Center, Pasadena, California,
1991.
2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate Student Seminar Series, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 1992.
3. Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 1993.
4. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 1993.
5. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1993.
6. Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 1993.
7. Department of Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 1993.
8. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 1993.
9. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 1993.
10. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 1993.
11. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Trondheim, Norway, 1993.
12. Department of Control Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Germany, 1993.
13. Shell Westhollow Research Center, Houston, TX, 1993.
14. DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE, 1993.
15. 1st Annual Midwest Process Control Workshop, Systems and Control Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1994.
16. DuPont Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE, 1994.
17. Decision and Control Laboratory, Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1994.
18. International Paper Research Center, Mobile, AL, 1995.
19. Systems and Control Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1995.
20. Weyerhaeuser Workshop on Modeling and Control of Kamyr Digesters and Paper Machines, Weyerhauser Research Center, Tacoma, WA, 1995.
21. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, OH, 1996.
22. Complexity Seminar Series, Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1997.
23. Merck Research Center, Rahway, NJ, 1997.
24. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France, 1997.
25. Department of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 1998.
26. Merck Research Center, Rahway, NJ, 1998.
27. Center for Process Analytical Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 1998.
28. CIC TechForum98, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, IL, 1998.
29. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN, 1999.
30. Bristol Meyers Squibb Research Center, New Brunswick, NJ, 1999.
31. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), Illinois Chapter, Champaign, IL, 1999.
32. Systems and Control Center, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1999.
33. Refining Technology Group, Amoco Oil Company, BP Amoco, Naperville, IL, 1999.
34. Merck Research Center, Rahway, NJ, 1999.
35. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2000.
36. FBRM Users Forum, Orlando, FL, 2000.
37. International Paper Technology Center, Cincinnati, OH, 2000.
38. Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, 2000.
39. Science and Engineering Education Scholars Program Workshop, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2000.
40. Control 2000 Symposium, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2000.
41. Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2000.
42. DuPont Singapore, Singapore, 2000.
43. Glaxo Wellcome Manufacturing, Singapore, 2000.
44. Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2000.
45. Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 2000.
46. International Paper Technology Center, Cincinnati, OH, 2000.
47. International Conference on Chemical Process Control 6, Tucson, Arizona, 2001.
48. NUS-UIUC Joint Symposium, Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2001.
49. Annual Conference for NSF K-12 Mathematics, Science, and Implementation Projects, Washington, DC, 2001.
50. Decision and Control Laboratory, Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 2001.
51. FBRM Users Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2001.
52. Annual Meeting of the Association for Crystallization Technology, Northbrook, Illinois, 2001.
53. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 2001.
54. Merck Research Center, Rahway, NJ, 2001.
55. Plenary Lecture, American Control Conference, Arlington, Virginia, 2001.
56. International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies, Symposium D: Crystallization and Interfacial Processes, Singapore, 2001.
57. International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies, Symposium H: Materials Science and Engineering Education in New Millenium, Singapore, 2001.
58. GlaxoSmithKline, Singapore, 2001.
59. Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK, 2001.
60. 2nd Pan American Workshop on Process Systems Engineering, Guaruja, Brazil, 2001.
61. Ernest W. Thiele Lecture, “Advances in the Control of Complex Chemical Systems”, University of Notre Dame, IN, 2001.
62. “ChemViz II: Chemistry Visualization”, Supercomputing2001, Denver, CO, 2001.
63. “Advances in the Control of Complex Chemical Systems”, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2001.
64. “Paracetamol Crystallization using FBRM and ATR-FTIR: Metastability and Agglomeration,” FBRM Users Forum, Charleston, SC, 2002.
65. “Model Based Experimental Design and Optimization for Crystallization of a Pharmaceutical Compound,” FBRM Users Forum, Charleston, SC, 2002.
66. “Challenges, Theory, and Applications of Process Control,” Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 2002.
67. “Advances in the Control of Complex Chemical Systems,” Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 2002. to be presented.
F. Offices Held in Professional Societies
Chapter Advisor, Zeta Chapter, Alpha Chi Sigma, 2000-02
G. Editorships of Journals or Other Learned Publications
IEEE Control Systems Society Conference Editorial Board, 1997-2000
· Associate Editor, Conference on Decision and Control, 1997-2000
· Associate Editor, American Control Conference, 1998-2000
Journal of Process Control
· Associate Editor, 2000-date
H. Review Panels
· UIUC/Hertz Fellowship Review Panel, 1994-2002
· Ted Peterson Student Paper Award Panel, CAST Division, AIChE, 1996
· Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada (PAPTAC) Review Panel, 1996-date
· Computational Science and Engineering Proposal Review Panel, UIUC, 1997-98, 2001-02
· Shen Postdoctoral Fellowship Award Panel, UIUC, 1999
· Alpha Chi Sigma (AXS) Outstanding Student Award Panel, UIUC, 1999
· National Science Foundation Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program Peer Review Panel, 1999, 2001, 2002
A. Doctoral Thesis
· Robust Loopshaping for Process Control, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 1993.
B. Books
1. E. L. Russell, L. H. Chiang, and R. D. Braatz. Data-driven Techniques for Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Processes, Springer-Verlag, London, 2000. being translated into Chinese.
2. A. P. Featherstone, J. G. VanAntwerp, and R. D. Braatz. Identification and Control of Sheet and Film Processes, Springer-Verlag, London, 2000.
3. L. H. Chiang, E. L. Russell, and R. D. Braatz. Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Industrial Systems, Springer-Verlag, London, 2001.
C. Book Chapters
1. R. D. Braatz. Internal model control. In W. S. Levine, editor, The Control Handbook, pages 215-224. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1995.
2. R. D. Braatz. Internal model control. In W. S. Levine, editor, Control Systems Fundamentals, pages 215-224. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2000.
3. R. D. Braatz (contributor). Materials and processing. In R. M. Murray, editor, Control in an Information Rich World, pages 63-70. SIAM Press, 2002.
D. Journal Papers
1. R. D. Braatz and M. Morari. Robust control for a noncolocated spring-mass system. J. of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 15:1103-1110, 1992.
2. R. D. Braatz, M. L. Tyler, M. Morari, F. R. Pranckh, and L. Sartor. Identification and cross-directional control of coating processes. AIChE J., 38:1329-1339, 1992.
3. D. Laughlin, M. Morari, and R. D. Braatz. Robust performance of cross-directional basis-weight control in paper machines. Automatica, 29:1395-1410, 1993.
4. R. D. Braatz and M. Morari. Minimizing the Euclidean condition number. SIAM J. on Control and Optim., 32:1763-1768, 1994.
5. R. D. Braatz, P. M. Young, J. C. Doyle, and M. Morari. Computational complexity of mu calculation. IEEE Trans. on Auto. Control, 39:1000-1002, 1994.
6. J. H. Lee, R. D. Braatz, M. Morari, and A. Packard. Screening tools for robust control structure selection. Automatica, 31:229-235, 1995.
7. R. D. Braatz, J. H. Lee, and M. Morari. Screening plant designs and control structures for uncertain systems. Comp. & Chem. Eng., 20:463-468, 1996.
8. R. D. Braatz, M. Morari, and S. Skogestad. Loopshaping for robust performance. Int. J. of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 6:805-823, 1996.
9. M. Hovd, R. D. Braatz, and S. Skogestad. SVD controllers for H2, H-infinity, and mu-optimal control. Automatica, 33:433-439, 1996.
10. I. G. Horn, J. R. Arulandu, C. J. Gombas, J. G. VanAntwerp, and R. D. Braatz. Improved filter design in internal model control. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 35:3437-3441, 1996.
11. R. D. Braatz and M. Morari. A multivariable stability margin for systems with mixed time-varying parameters. Int. J. of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 7:105-112, 1997.
12. E. L. Russell, C. P. H. Power, and R. D. Braatz. Multidimensional realizations of large scale uncertain systems for multivariable stability margin computation. Int. J. of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 7:113-125, 1997.
13. E. Rios-Patron and R. D. Braatz. On the identification and control of dynamical systems using neural networks. IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, 8:452, 1997.
14. R. D. Braatz and J. G. VanAntwerp. Advanced cross-directional control. Pulp & Paper Canada, 98(7):T237-239, July 1997.
15. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. Control-oriented modeling of sheet and film processes. AIChE J., 43:1989-2001, 1997.
16. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. Integrated robust identification and control of large scale processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37:97-106, 1998.
17. C. L. Mangun, M. A. Daley, R. D. Braatz, and J. Economy. Effect of pore size on adsorption of hydrocarbons in phenolic-based activated carbon fibers. Carbon, 36:123-131, 1998.
18. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. Input design for large scale sheet and film processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 37:449-454, 1998.
19. E. L. Russell and R. D. Braatz. Model reduction for the robustness margin computation of large scale uncertain systems. Comp. & Chem. Eng., 22:913-926, 1998.
20. S. H. Chung and R. D. Braatz. Teaching antiwindup, bumpless transfer, and split-range control. Chem. Eng. Edu., 32:220-223, 1998.
21. R. D. Braatz and O. D. Crisalle. Robustness analysis for systems with ellipsoidal uncertainty. Int. J. of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 8:1113-1117, 1998.
22. R. D. Braatz and M. R. Johnson. Process control laboratory education using a graphical operator interface. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 6:151-155, 1998.
23. J. G. VanAntwerp, R. D. Braatz, and N. V. Sahinidis. Globally optimal robust process control. J. of Process Control, 9:375-383, 1999.
24. S. H. Chung, D. L. Ma, and R. D. Braatz. Optimal seeding in batch crystallization. Can. J. of Chem. Eng., 77:590-596, 1999.
25. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. Modal-based cross-directional control. Tappi J., 82:203-207, 1999.
26. D. L. Ma, S. H. Chung, and R. D. Braatz. Worst-case performance analysis of optimal batch control trajectories. AIChE J., 45:1469-1476, 1999.
27. C. L. Mangun, R. D. Braatz, J. Economy, and A. J. Hall. Fixed bed adsorption of acetone and ammonia onto oxidized activated carbon fibers. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38: 3499-3504, 1999.
28. R. D. Braatz and E. L. Russell. Robustness margin computation for large scale systems. Comp. & Chem. Eng., 23:1021-1030, 1999.
29. S. H. Chung, D. L. Ma, and R. D. Braatz. Optimal experimental design in batch crystallization. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 50:83-90, 2000.
30. J. G. VanAntwerp and R. D. Braatz. Fast model predictive control of sheet and film processes. IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, 8:408-417, 2000.
31. J. G. VanAntwerp and R. D. Braatz. A tutorial on linear and bilinear matrix inequalities. J. of Process Control, 10:363-385, 2000.
32. J. G. VanAntwerp and R. D. Braatz. Model predictive control of large scale processes. J. of Process Control, 10:1-8, 2000.
33. L. H. Chiang, E. L. Russell, and R. D. Braatz. Fault diagnosis in chemical processes using Fisher discriminant analysis, discriminant partial least squares, and principal component analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 50:243-252, 2000.
34. E. L. Russell, L. H. Chiang, and R. D. Braatz. Fault detection in industrial processes using canonical variate analysis and dynamic principal component analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 51:81-93, 2000.
35. T. Togkalidou, R. D. Braatz, B. K. Johnson, O. Davidson, and A. Andrews. Experimental design and inferential modeling in pharmaceutical crystallization. AIChE Journal, 47:160-168, 2001.
36. J. G. VanAntwerp, A. P. Featherstone, and R. D. Braatz. Robust cross-directional control of large scale sheet and film processes. J. of Process Control, 11:149-178, 2001.
37. E. L. Russell and R. D. Braatz. The average-case identifiability and controllability of large scale systems. J. of Process Control, 12:823-829.
38. R. Gunawan, E. L. Russell, and R. D. Braatz. Comparison of theoretical and computational characteristics of dimensionality reduction methods for large scale uncertain systems. J. of Process Control, 11:543-552, 2001.
39. D. L. Ma and R. D. Braatz. Worst-case analysis of finite-time control policies. IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, 9:766-774, 2001.
40. T. Togkalidou, M. Fujiwara, S. Patel, R. D. Braatz. Solute concentration prediction using chemometrics and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. J. of Crystal Growth, 231:534-543, 2001.
41. J. G. VanAntwerp, A. P. Featherstone, R. D. Braatz, and B. A. Ogunnaike. Review of sheet and film process control. Automatica, accepted.
42. R. D. Braatz, M. Fujiwara, D. L. Ma, T. Togkalidou, and D. K. Tafti. Simulation and new sensor technologies for industrial crystallization: A review. Int. J. of Modern Physics B, 16:346-353, 2002.
43. M. Fujiwara, J. C. Pirkle Jr., T. Togkalidou, D. L. Ma, R. Gunawan, and R. D. Braatz. A holistic approach to materials process design. J. of Materials Education, 2002. in press.
44. R. Gunawan, D. L. Ma, M. Fujiwara, and R. D. Braatz. Identification of kinetic parameters in a multidimensional crystallization process. Int. J. of Modern Physics B, 16:367-374, 2002.
45. D. L. Ma, D. Tafti, and R. D. Braatz. Compartmental modeling of multidimensional crystallization. Int. J. of Modern Physics B, 16:383-390, 2002.
46. L. H. Chiang and R. D. Braatz. Process monitoring using causal map and multivariate statistics: Fault detection and identification. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 2002. accepted subject to making figures more presentable, July 6, 2002.
47. D. L. Ma, D. K. Tafti, and R. D. Braatz. High resolution simulation of multidimensional crystallization. Special Issue in Honor of William R. Schowalter, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2002. in press.
48. D. L. Ma, D. K. Tafti, and R. D. Braatz. Optimal control and simulation of multidimensional crystallization. Special Issue on Distributed Parameter Systems, Comp. & Chem. Eng., 2002. in press.
49. S. Ang and R. D. Braatz. Experimental projects for the process control laboratory. Chem. Eng. Edu., 2002. in press.
50. T. Togkalidou, H.-H. Tung, Y. Sun, A. Andrews, and R. D. Braatz. Solution concentration prediction for pharmaceutical crystallization processes using robust chemometrics and ATR FTIR spectroscopy. Org. Process Res. Dev., 6:317-322, 2002.
51. J. C. Pirkle, Jr. and R. D. Braatz. Dynamic modeling of blown film extrusion. Polymer Engineering & Science, 2002. under revision. Revised manuscript submitted August 2, 2002.
52. R. D. Braatz. Advanced control of crystallization processes. Annual Reviews in Control, 2002. in press.
53. Z. K. Nagy and R. D. Braatz. Worst-case and distributional robustness analysis of finite-time control trajectories for nonlinear distributed parameter systems. IEEE Trans. on Control Systems Technology, July 2002. in press.
54. T. Togkalidou, H.-H. Tung, Y. Sun, A. Andrews, and R. D. Braatz. Model based experimental design and optimization for cooling crystallization of a pharmaceutical compound using in-situ measurements of concentration and particle size distribution. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. submitted February 2002.
55. M. Fujiwara, P. S. Chow, D. L. Ma, and R. D. Braatz. Paracetamol crystallization using laser backscattering and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: Metastability, agglomeration, and control. Crystal Research and Design, July 2002. in press.
56. E. Rusli, S. Ang, and R. D. Braatz. A quadruple tank control process experiment. Chem. Eng. Edu. submitted April 2002.
57. D. L. Ma and R. D. Braatz. Optimal identification and control of batch processes. Comp. & Chem. Eng. submitted August 2001.
58. Z. K. Nagy and R. D. Braatz. Comparison between open-loop and closed-loop robust optimal control of batch processes using distributional worst-case analysis. J. of Process Control. submitted March 2002.
59. Z. K. Nagy and R. D. Braatz. Robust EKF-based nonlinear model predictive control of batch processes. submitted April 2002.
60. Z. K. Nagy and R. D. Braatz. A fast algorithm for distributional robustness analysis. In preparation, 2002.
61. T. O. Drews, E. G. Webb, D. L. Ma, J. Alameda, R. D. Braatz, and R. C. Alkire. Coupled mesoscale-continuum simulations of copper electrodeposition in a trench. In preparation, 2002.
62. T. O. Drews, R. D. Braatz, and R. C. Alkire. Parameter sensitivity analysis of Monte Carlo simulations of copper electrodeposition with multiple additives. In preparation, 2002.
63. D. L. Ma, T. O. Drews, E. F. Rusli, R. C. Alkire, and R. D. Braatz. Nonlinear feedback control of a kinetic Monte Carlo simulation code. In preparation, 2002.
64. E. J. Hukkanen, T. O. Drews, R. C. Alkire, and R. D. Braatz. Parameter sensitivity analysis for stochastic simulation codes. In preparation, 2002.
65. E. J. Hukkanen and R. D. Braatz. Measurement of particle size distribution in suspension polymerization using in situ laser backscattering. Sensors and Actuators B. submitted July 30, 2002.
66. M. Y. L. Jung, R. Gunawan, R. D. Braatz, and E. G. Seebauer. Pair diffusion and kick-out: Relative contributions to diffusion of boron in silicon. J. Phys. Chem. submitted February 2002.
67. R. Gunawan, M. Y. L. Jung, R. D. Braatz, and E. G. Seebauer. Parameter sensitivity analysis of boron activation and transient enhanced diffusion in silicon. J. Appl. Phys. submitted June 10, 2002.
68. M. Y. L. Jung, R. Gunawan, R. D. Braatz, and E. G. Seebauer. On the fundamental mechanism for transient enhanced diffusion of boron in silicon. J. Appl. Phys. submitted July 18, 2002.
69. R. Gunawan, M. Y. L. Jung, E. G. Seebauer, and R. D. Braatz. Maximum a posteriori estimation of transient enhanced diffusion kinetics. In preparation, 2002.
70. R. Gunawan, M. Y. L. Jung, E. G. Seebauer, and R. D. Braatz. Optimal control of transient enhanced diffusion. In preparation, 2002.
71. D. L. Ma, J. G. VanAntwerp, M. Hovd, and R. D. Braatz. Quantifying the potential benefits of constrained control for a large scale system. IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications, 2002. in press.
72. M. Y. L. Jung, R. Gunawan, R. D. Braatz, and E. G. Seebauer. Ramp-rate effects in transient enhanced diffusion and dopant activation: A simple explanation. submitted July 18, 2002.
73. T. O. Drews, S. Krishnan, J. Alameda, D. Gannon, R. D. Braatz, and R. C. Alkire. Multi-scale simulations of copper electrodeposition onto a resistive substrate. Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie, in preparation, 2002.
74. J. C. Pirkle, Jr. and R. D. Braatz. Comparison of the dynamic thin shell and quasi-cylindrical models for blown film extrusion. Polymer Engineering & Science, 2002. Reviews of first draft received May 3, 2002. under revision.
E. Patent
1. R. D. Braatz and J. G. VanAntwerp. Fast Model Predictive Ellipsoid Control Process, U.S. Patent #6,064,809, May 16, 2000.
F. Proceedings Papers
1. R. D. Braatz and M. Morari. mu-sensitivities as an aid for robust identification. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 231-236, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1991.
2. R. D. Braatz and M. Morari. Robust control for a noncolocated spring-mass system. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 2061-2062, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1992.
3. R. D. Braatz, M. L. Tyler, M. Morari, F. R. Pranckh, and L. Sartor. Identification and cross-directional control of coating processes: Theory and experiments. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1556-1560, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1992.
4. R. D. Braatz, P. M. Young, J. C. Doyle, and M. Morari. Computational complexity of mu calculation. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1682-1683, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1993.
5. M. Hovd, R. D. Braatz, and S. Skogestad. On the structure of the robust optimal controller for a class of problems. In Proc. of the IFAC World Congress, volume IV, pages 27-30, Elsevier Science, Tarrytown, NY, 1993.
6. R. D. Braatz. A reconciliation between quantitative feedback theory and robust multivariable control. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 3374-3378, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1994.
7. R. D. Braatz, J. H. Lee, and M. Morari. Screening plant designs and control structures for uncertain systems. In IFAC Workshop on the Integration of Process Design and Control, pages 242-247, Baltimore, Maryland, 1994.
8. R. D. Braatz, M. Morari, and S. Skogestad. Robust reliable decentralized control. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 3384-3388, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1994.
9. R. D. Braatz, B. A. Ogunnaike, J. S. Schwaber, and W. C. Rose. Autoregulation in industrial processes. In Proc. of the IFAC Symp. on Modeling and Control in Biomedical Systems, pages 127-128, Galveston, TX, 1994.
10. R. D. Braatz, B. A. Ogunnaike, J. S. Schwaber, and W. C. Rose. Autoregulatory feedback in industrial process designs. In L. T. Biegler and M. F. Doherty, editors, Foundations of Computer Aided Process Design, pages 317-320. AIChE, NY, 1995.
11. M. Hovd, R. D. Braatz, and S. Skogestad. SVD controllers for H2, H-infinity, and mu-optimal control. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1233-1237, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1994.
12. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. Control relevant identification of sheet and film processes. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 2692-2696, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1995.
13. R. D. Braatz and J. G. VanAntwerp. Advanced cross-directional control. In Control Systems `96 Preprints, pages 15-18, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, April 30 - May 2, 1996.
14. R. D. Braatz, B. A. Ogunnaike, and A. P. Featherstone. Identification, estimation, and control of sheet and film processes. In Proc. of the IFAC World Congress, pages 319-324, Tarrytown, NY, 1996. Elsevier Science Inc.
15. R. D. Braatz and J. G. VanAntwerp. Robust cross-directional control of large scale paper machines. In Proc. of the IEEE International Conf. on Control Applications, pages 155-160, Piscataway, NJ, 1996. IEEE Press.
16. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. An integrated identification and control procedure for sheet and film processes. In Proc. of the 34th Annual Allerton Conf. on Communication, Control, and Computing, pages 970-979, Monticello, IL, 1996.
17. R. D. Braatz. The current status of sheet and film process control. In J. C. Kantor, C. E. Garcia, and B. Carnahan, editors, Fifth International Conference on Chemical Process Control, pages 327-330, AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 93, No. 316, AIChE Press, NY, 1997.
18. R. D. Braatz. Session summary: Poster session. In J. C. Kantor, C. E. Garcia, and B. Carnahan, editors, Fifth International Conference on Chemical Process Control, page 352, AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 93, No. 316, AIChE Press, NY, 1997.
19. J. G. VanAntwerp, R. D. Braatz, and N. V. Sahinidis. Globally optimal robust reliable control of large scale paper machines. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1473-1477, Piscataway, NJ, 1997. IEEE Press.
20. J. G. VanAntwerp, R. D. Braatz, and N. V. Sahinidis. Robust nonlinear control of plasma etching. In Proc. of the Electrochemical Society, volume 10, pages 454-462, Montreal, Canada, May 4-9, 1997.
21. J. G. VanAntwerp, R. D. Braatz, and N. V. Sahinidis. Globally optimal robust control for systems with nonlinear time-varying perturbations. Comp. & Chem. Eng., 21:S125-S130, 1997.
22. A. P. Featherstone and R. D. Braatz. Integrated robust identification and control of large scale processes. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1225-1229, Piscataway, NJ, 1998. IEEE Press.
23. E. Rios-Patron and R. D. Braatz. Global stability analysis for discrete-time nonlinear systems. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 338-342, Piscataway, NJ, 1998. IEEE Press.
24. J. G. VanAntwerp and R. D. Braatz. Model predictive control of large scale processes. In Dynamics and Control of Process Systems, pages 153-158, Elsevier Science, Kidlington, UK, 1999.
25. E. L. Russell and R. D. Braatz. Fault isolation in industrial processes using fisher discriminant analysis. In J. F. Pekny and G. E. Blau, editors, Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Operations, pages 380-385, AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 94, No. 320, AIChE Press, NY, 1998.
26. E. Rios-Patron and R. D. Braatz. Robust nonlinear control of a pH neutralization process. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 119-124, Piscataway, NJ, 1999. IEEE Press.
27. T. Togkalidou and R. D. Braatz. Inferential modeling in pharmaceutical crystallization. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 2548-2552, Piscataway, NJ, 1999. IEEE Press.
28. D. L. Ma, S. H. Chung, and R. D. Braatz. Worst-case performance analysis of optimal batch control trajectories. In Proc. of the European Control Conf., paper F1011-2, Germany, 1999. IFAC.
29. J. G. VanAntwerp and R. D. Braatz. Linear and bilinear matrix inequalities in chemical process control. In Proc. of the European Control Conf., paper F1011-4, Germany, 1999. IFAC.
30. D. L. Ma and R. D. Braatz. Robust batch control of multidimensional crystal growth. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1737-1741, Piscataway, NJ, 2000. IEEE Press.
31. J. G. VanAntwerp, D. L. Ma, and R. D. Braatz. When is constrained control necessary for large scale processes? In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 4244-4248, Piscataway, NJ, 2000. IEEE Press.
32. T. Togkalidou and R. D. Braatz. A bilinear matrix inequality approach to the robust nonlinear control of chemical processes. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 2548-2552, Piscataway, NJ, 2000. IEEE Press.
33. T. Togkalidou, M. Fujiwara, S. Patel, and R. D. Braatz. A robust chemometrics approach to inferential modeling of particulate processes. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 1732-1736, Piscataway, NJ, 2000. IEEE Press.
34. M. Hovd and R. D. Braatz. On the computation of disturbance rejection measures. In Proc. of the Int. Symp. on Advanced Control of Chemical Processes, vol. 1, pages 63-68, Kidlington, United Kingdom, 2000. Elsevier Science.
35. R. D. Braatz, M. Fujiwara, T. Togkalidou, D. L. Ma, S. D. Patel, E. M. Tsui, C. G. Lentz. Teaching the design of particulate processes. In Proc. of the Educational Topical Conference, AIChE Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, 2000. Paper 60b.
36. S. Ang, M. R. Johnson, and R. D. Braatz. Control of a multivariable pH neutralization process. In Proc. of the Educational Topical Conference, AIChE Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, 2000. Paper 61a.
37. R. D. Braatz, M. Fujiwara, T. Togkalidou, D. L. Ma, S. D. Patel, E. M. Tsui, and C. G. Lentz. Laboratory development for teaching process design. In Proc. of the ASEE IL/IN Sectional Conference, West Lafayette, IN, 2001. Paper S4-2.
38. M. Hovd and R. D. Braatz. On the use of soft constraints in MPC controllers for plants with inverse response. In Proc. of the 6th IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems, Paper C104, Jejudo Island, Korea, 2001.
39. M. Hovd and R. D. Braatz. Handling state and output constraints in MPC controllers using time-dependent weights. In Proc. of the American Control Conf., pages 2418-2423, Piscataway, NJ, 2001. IEEE Press.
40. R. Gunawan, E. L. Russell, and R. D. Braatz. Robustness analysis of multivariable systems with time delays. In Proc. of the European Control Conf., pages 1882-1887, Porto, Portugal, 2001.
41. R. D. Braatz and S. Hasebe. Particle size and shape control in crystallization processes. In J. B. Rawlings, B. A. Ogunnaike, and J. W. Eaton, editors, Sixth International Conference on Chemical Process Control, pages 307-327, AIChE Symposium Series, Vol. 98, No. 326, AIChE Press, NY, 2002.
42. M. Fujiwara, D. L. Ma, T. Togkalidou, D. K. Tafti, and R. D. Braatz. Identification of pharmaceutical crystallization processes. IFAC World Congress on Automatic Control, Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, 2002. Paper T-Fr-A11 1.
43. Z. K. Nagy and R. D. Braatz. Distributional robustness analysis of a batch crystallization process. 6th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Orlando, FL, 2002.
G. Abstracts
A. Supervision of Graduate Students
1. Featherstone, Andrew P., Ph.D., 1997, “Control Relevant Identification of Large Scale Sheet and Film Processes,” now at the International Paper Company
2. Russell, Evan L., Ph.D., 1998, “Process Monitoring of Large Scale Systems,” now at ExxonMobil
3. VanAntwerp, Jeremy G., Ph.D., 1999, “Globally Optimal Robust Control for Large Scale Sheet and Film Processes,” now an assistant professor in the Department of Engineering at Calvin College, Michigan
4. Rios-Patron, Ernesto, Ph.D., 2000, “A Generic Framework for Nonlinear Analysis and Control,” now at McKinsey Consulting
5. Chiang, Leo H.-T., Ph.D., 2001, “Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Large Scale Systems,” now at Dow Chemical Company
6. Ma, David L., Ph.D., 2002, “Simulation and Optimization of Multidimensional Crystallization Processes,” now at United Technology Corporation Fuel Cells
1. Featherstone, Andrew P., M.S., 1995, “Control Relevant Identification of Structured Large Scale Systems”
2. Russell, Evan L., M.S., 1996, “Multidimensional Realization and Model Reduction of Large Scale Uncertain Systems”
3. VanAntwerp, Jeremy G., M.S., 1997, “Globally Optimal Robust Control for Systems with Nonlinear Time-Varying Perturbations”
4. Rios-Patron, Ernesto, M.S., 1997, “Nonlinear Stability Analysis of Discrete and Continuous Time Systems with Applications to Artificial Neural Networks”
5. Chiang, Leo H.-T., M.S., 1999, “Chemometrics and Discriminant Analysis for Fault Diagnosis”
6. Ma, David L., M.S., 1999, “Worst-case Performance Analysis of Optimal Batch Control Trajectories”
7. Togkalidou, Timokleia, M.S., 1999, “Inferential Modeling in Pharmaceutical Crystallization”
8. Gunawan, Rudiyanto, M.S., 2000, “Dimensionality Reduction and Robustness Analysis of Large Scale Systems”
1. Togkalidou, Timokleia, 6th year, August 1997-date, Ph.D. expected in August 2002
2. Gunawan, Rudiyanto (joint w/Prof. Seebauer), 5th year, August 1998-date, Ph.D. expected in August 2003
3. Jung, Michael (joint w/Prof. Seebauer), 5th year, August 1998-date, Ph.D. expected in August 2003
4. Drews, Tim (joint w/Prof. Alkire), 4th year, August 1999-date, Ph.D. expected in August 2004
5. Rusli, Effendi, 4th year, August 1999-date, M.S. expected in August 2002
6. Hukkanen, Eric J., 3rd year, August 2000-date, Ph.D. expected in August 2004
7. Li, Xiaohai, 2nd year, August 2001-date, M.S. expected in May 2003
8. Fusman, Irene, 1st year, 2002-date, M.S. expected in January 2003
9. Yi, Xing (joint w/Prof. R. Tan of NUS), 1st year, April 2002-date
B.
Supervision of Research Associates
C. Service on Ph.D. examination committees (* = current)
N. Andrews, M. Balmas, K. Benak (Material Science and Engineering), P. Blowers, L. Brown (Computer and Electrical Engineering), K. Carmarda, G. Channell, L. Chiang (Chair), M. Daley (Material Science and Engineering), J. DesNoyer, P. Dimitrakopoulos, S. Duke, E. Eliadis, A. Featherstone (Chair), K. Furman, S. Jogun, R. Kruse (Chemistry), J. Ledbetter, D. Llera-Rodriguez, D. Ma (Chair), R. Parekh, E. Rios-Patron (Chair), E. Russell (Chair), W. Schmidt, J. Shectman (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering), F. Thomas, T. Togkalidou (Chair), J. VanAntwerp (Chair), D. Van Hyning, C. Yeung, P. Zamora, L. Zhu, H. An (Civil and Environmental Engineering)*, T. Drews*, M. Forrest*, R. Gunawan (Chair)*, E. Hukkanen (Chair)*, E. Rusli (Chair)*, Y. Voudaris*
IV. SERVICE (PUBLIC, PROFESSIONAL/DISCIPLINARY, AND UNIVERSITY)
A. Service to Disciplinary and Professional Societies and Associations
1. American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(AIChE)
Member of the Computing Systems Technology (CAST) Division, 1991; Co-Chair for Session on Control Relevant Identification and Estimation, Fall Annual Meeting, 1995; Chair for Poster Session, International Conference on Chemical Process Control (CPC V), 1996; Co-Chair for Session on Design and Control, Spring National Meeting, 1996; CAST 10b Acting Representative to the CAST Executive Committee, Spring National Meeting, St. Louis, 1996; Chair for Session on Plant-wide and Decentralized Control, Fall Annual Meeting, 1996; Chair for Session on Robust Control, Fall Annual Meeting, 1997; Chair for Session on Plant-wide Control, Fall Annual Meeting, 1998; Co-Chair for Session on Topics in Systems and Process Control, Fall Annual Meeting, 1999; Vice-Chair for Session on Advances in Process Control, Fall Annual Meeting, 2001; Chair for Session on Control with Advances in Process Control II, Fall Annual Meeting, 2002; Chair for Advances in Process Control, Fall Annual Meeting, 2003
2. American Automatic Control Council
Arrangements for the Model Predictive Control Workshop, American Control Conference, 1991; Chair for Session on Control Relevant Identification and Fault Detection, American Control Conference, 1994; Organizer and Chair for Session on Control of Uncertain Systems, American Control Conference, 1994; Chair for Session on Process Monitoring, American Control Conference, 1995; Chair for Session on Statistical Process Monitoring, American Control Conference, 1995; Co-Chair for Session on Multivariable and Robust Control, World International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC) Congress, 1996; Co-Chair for Session on Control of Sheet and Film Forming Processes, American Control Conference, 1997; Chair for Session on Parameter Identification, American Control Conference, 1998; Chair for Session on Control of Particulate Systems, American Control Conference, 2000; Chair for Session on Novel Formulations of Model Predictive Control, American Control Conference, 2001
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE)
Control Systems Society, 1994-date; Conference Editorial Board, Control Systems Society, 1997-2000; Robust Control Working Group, 1996-99; IEEE Technical Committee on Robust Control (TCRC), 1999-date; International Programme Committee, IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA), 2000-02; International Programme Committee, IEEE Computer-Aided Control System Design Conference, 2000-02
4. International Federation of Automatic
Control (IFAC)
International Programming Committee, 6th IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems, 1999-2001; Area Chair, Biochemical and Materials Processing System Modeling and Control, 6th IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems, 2000-01; International Programming Committee, 7th IFAC Symposium on Advanced Control of Chemical Processes, 2002-date; Chair for Session on Pharmaceutical Process Control, IFAC World Congress, 2002
5. American Society for Engineering Education
(ASEE)
Co-Organizer for the Session on the Role of the Computer in Undergraduate Process Control Education, ASEE Summer School for Chemical Engineering Faculty, 1997
6. EFCE Working Party on Computer Aided
Process Engineering
Member of the International Programming Committee, Joint International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering and European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (PSE97-ESCAPE7), 1997; Member of the Subcommittee on Control and Operations, Joint International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering and European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (PSE97-ESCAPE7), 1997; Chair for Session on Control Structure Design, Joint International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering and European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering (PSE97-ESCAPE7), 1997
7. Miscellaneous Chairs/Organization
Organizer for Workshop on Control Techniques from Biological Inspiration, Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 1994; Co-Organizer for the Second Midwest Process Control Workshop, 1996; Chair for Session on Process Control, Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing, 1996 Organizer and Session Moderator for the Third Midwest Process Control Workshop, 1999; Organizer and Session Moderator for the Control 2000 Symposium, 2000; Co-chair for Session on Biomineralization, Pharmaceuticals, and Food Crystallization, Symposium D: Crystallization and Interfacial Processes, International Conference on Materials for Advanced Technologies, 2001; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), 1993-date; Member, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), 1994-98; Member, Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 1995-98; Member, Alpha Chi Sigma, 1994-date; Member, Materials Research Society, 2001-02
10. Reviewer for
National Science Foundation; American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund; Netherlands Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Systems & Control Letters; IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control; The Journal of Physical Chemistry; IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology; IEEE Transactions on Robotics & Automation; IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks; Journal of Crystal Growth; Linear Algebra and its Applications; SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization; International Journal of Modern Physics B; Biotechnology Progress; AIChE Journal; Journal of Process Control; Computers & Chemical Engineering; Chemical Engineering Science; International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control; Polymer Science & Engineering; International Journal of Control; Optimization and Engineering; ASME Journal of Dynamical Systems, Measurement, and Control; International Journal of Modelling and Simulation; Optimal Control Applications & Methods; IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications; Journal of the Franklin Institute; Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering; Chemical Engineering Research and Design - Part A: Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers; International Journal of Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing; Environmental Science & Technology; Separation Science and Technology; ISA Transactions; ASCE Journal of Natural Hazards; Resources, Conservation, and Recycling; Dynamics and Control; Chemical Engineering Communications, Chemical Engineering Education; Pulp & Paper Canada; Latin American Applied Research; Prentice Hall (textbook review); McGraw-Hill (textbook review); Wiley (research monograph and textbook reviews); Cambridge University Press (textbook review); Oxford University Press (textbook review); IFAC World Congress; Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design; Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Operations; Process Systems Engineering; Advanced Control of Chemical Processes; International Conference on Chemical Process Control; IEEE Conference on Decision and Control; American Control Conference; European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering; IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process Systems; AIChE Annual Meeting
B. University/Campus Service
1. University:
UIUC/Hertz Fellowship (1994-2002); UIUC Senator (1999-2001)
2. National Center for Supercomputing Applications:
Intranet Advisory Committee (1998); Subcommittee on Grants and Contracts (1998); Local Anchor, Chemical Engineering Applications Technology Team (1997-2000)
3. College of Engineering:
Placement (1994-95); Executive Subcommittee on Strategic Planning for Computers and Networks (1994-97); Library (1994-2001) Executive Subcommittee on Computers and Networks (1997-2001); Computational Science and Engineering Steering Committee; Chemical Engineering Representative (1999-2001); Chair, Bioengineering Graduate Curriculum (2000-01)
4. School of Chemical Sciences:
Library (1994-95); Graduate Student Recruitment (1994-95); Coordinating Committee for Computer and Electronic Services (1998); Computer Center Advisory Committee (1997-2000); CANS Scientific Software Consultant Search (1999); Computer Applications and Network Services-Electronic Services (1999-2000); CANS Research Programmer Search (2001); Courses and Curricula (2000-02); Chapter Advisor, Zeta Chapter, Alpha Chi Sigma (2000-02)
5. Chemical Engineering:
Graduate Student Awards (1994-95); Shen Postdoctoral Fellowship (1994-95, 1999); Graduate Recruiting (1994-97); Grading Appeals (1996-97); Departmental Workstation Manager (1995-98); Renovation, Undergraduate Control Laboratories (1996-99); Administrative (1994-2002); Administrative Squad C leader (1996-97); Departmental Computer Facilities (1995-2002); Undergraduate Advising (1994-2002); Staff (2000-02); Systems Bioinformatics (2001-02); Chair, Undergraduate Curriculum (2001-02)
My research goal is to make ground-breaking contributions in control theory, algorithm development, and industrial practice. Towards this end, I strive to select problems that are both theoretically challenging and industrially important. The key fundamental issues associated with a particular control problem of industrial importance are identified, and then the problem is attacked with a high level of mathematical rigor. This statement summarizes the main research accomplishments in the last two years.
A. Identification and Control of Sheet and Film Processes. A significant proportion of U.S. manufacturing is associated with sheet and film processes, which include papermaking, adhesive coating, polymer film extrusion, and sheet metal rolling. The control of these processes is challenging due to high dimensionality, limitations in the quality and quantity of data, and uncertainties in the process interactions and dynamics. I published a book on the identification and control of sheet and film processes [Book2]. The book identifies the root cause of control-induced wrinkling and breaks in papermaking and polymer film extrusion, which was a long-standing question of high importance in those industries. The book describes the first framework for quantifying model uncertainties and optimally designing experiments that is applicable to large scale systems. An algorithm is proposed that enables robust controller design for large scale systems by exploiting model structure. The application to a simulated paper machine, whose model and uncertainty description was constructed from input-output data from an industrial paper machine, was the largest dimension robust controller design problem ever solved [36]. The book also describes a model predictive control algorithm that has on-line computational requirements low enough for real-time application to large scale systems. A U.S. patent based on this algorithm was awarded [Patent1]. Much of these results are summarized in a survey paper [41]. Currently we are setting up a blown film extruder in our laboratory to test and improve our algorithms.
B. Fault Detection and Diagnosis. The early detection of changes in disturbance characteristics, equipment degradation, actuator and sensor failures, and other abnormal operating conditions is necessary for maintaining satisfactory control. The dominant process monitoring algorithms in the chemical process industries are dimensionality reduction algorithms that are able to extract fault models from very large historical databases. I published a textbook on fault detection and diagnosis as part of Springer Verlag's series on Advanced Textbooks in Control and Signal Processing [Book3]. The book includes a description of new fault detection and fault diagnosis algorithms [33,34] based on canonical variate analysis and Fisher discriminant analysis that outperform prior dimensionality reduction algorithms. The superior performance of the algorithms confirms theoretical analyses. We are currently developing algorithms that incorporate causal information into the data-driven process monitoring approach to enable the diagnosis of known, unknown, and multiple faults [46].
C. Simulation and Control of Crystallization Processes. Controlling crystallization is especially challenging due to its strong dynamic nonlinearity and its high sensitivities to process conditions. The crystallization of pharmaceuticals has the additional challenge of having a tendancy to form undesirable needle-like or rod-like shapes from having widely-varying growth rates associated with the characteristic axes of the crystal. Also, there are no in situ sensors that can directly measure the multidimensional size distribution in the dense crystal slurries. Hence pharmaceutical crystals must be produced while having limited information on the states of the crystallization process.
An approach
is being developed to control multidimensional crystal formation that
incorporates first-principles models, optimal control, and new mathematical
analysis techniques [52]. This approach incorporates a high resolution
simulation algorithm to obtain both high computational efficiency and high
accuracy for sharp multidimensional crystal size distributions [42,45,47,48].
Robust chemometrics (this is a form of multivariate statistics) relate on-line
measurements and state/product variables, including the prediction of end-use
properties from in situ laser backscattering measurements [35], and the
on-line estimation of the solution concentration in dense crystal slurries
using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR)
spectroscopy [40,50,55]. The solution concentration estimates are more than an order-of-magnitude
more accurate than those obtained in previous applications of ATR-FTIR to
crystallization processes. These
estimates have been used with laser backscattering to identify the kinetics for
secondary nucleation and growth for multi-coordinate crystals in dense crystal
slurries in situ [44].
The first-principles modeling approach quantifies the accuracy of the model parameters, which is used by our analysis tools to quantify the accuracy of the model predictions [39]. The analysis tools produce accurate estimates of the worst-case and distributional dynamical behavior for finite-time nonlinear lumped and distributed parameter dynamical systems [53,60]. The robustness analysis approach is being incorporated into the design of optimal control recipes for batch crystallization [57-59]. Most of the techniques we have developed have been applied to pharmaceutical crystallizers at Merck [35,50,54]. A book is being written based on our approach for controlling multidimensional crystallization processes.
D. Analysis and Control of Microelectronics Processes. Moore's law requires continual improvements in the microelectronics processes used to manufacture semiconductor devices. In collaboration with Prof. R.C. Alkire, we are creating methods for parameter sensitivity analysis, parameter estimation, and code-linking in multi-scale simulation codes that couple Monte Carlo simulation and finite different/element techniques [61-64]. The main applications of the methods are in copper electrodeposition, which is the process used to manufacture interconnects in various microdevices. This effort also includes the design of high performance feedback control systems to emulate experimental observations. In a separate collaboration with Prof. E.G. Seebauer, we have been carrying out parameter sensitivity and estimation studies for transient-enhanced diffusion, which is an unwanted process that occurs when the damage upon ion implantation in semiconductors is healed by annealing. Continuum simulation models have been implemented for the reaction and diffusion of the many interstitial and other species that influence dopant mobility. The parameters in these models are maximum likelihood estimates from data produced by experimental studies and density functional theory calculations reported in the literature, and experimental data collected by industrial collaborators [66-70].
Last Updated on 8/15/2002